Consolidated theory of fluid thermodiffusion

We present the Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell thermodiffusion equations, which account for the Soret and Dufour effects in multicomponent fluids. Unlike transport laws derived from kinetic theory, this framework preserves the structure of the isothermal Stefan–Maxwell equations, separating the thermodynamic forces that drive diffusion from the force that drives heat flow. The Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell transport-coefficient matrix is symmetric, and the second law of thermodynamics imbues it with simple spectral characteristics. This new approach allows for heat to be considered as a pseudo-species and proves equivalent to both the intuitive extension of Fick's law and the generalized Stefan–Maxwell equations popularized by Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot. A general inversion process facilitates the unique formulation of flux-explicit transport equations relative to any choice of convective reference velocity. Stefan–Maxwell diffusivities and thermal diffusion factors are tabulated for gaseous mixtures containing helium, argon, neon, krypton, and xenon. The framework is deployed to perform numerical simulations of steady three-dimensional thermodiffusion in a ternary gas.     

Model-based design of horizontal subsurface flow constructed treatment wetlands: a review

The increasing application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment coupled with increasingly strict water quality standards is an ever growing incentive for the development of better process design tools. This paper reviews design models for horizontal subsurface flow constructed treatment wetlands, ranging from simple rules of thumb and regression equations, to the well-known first-order k-C* models, Monod-type equations and more complex dynamic, compartmental models. Especially highlighted in this review are the model constraints and parameter uncertainty. A case study has been used to demonstrate the model output variability and to unravel whether or not more complex but also less manageable models offer a significant advantage to the designer.     

基于有限元分析方法对接地装置冲击特性研究

由于冲击电流的作用,接地体周围的土壤将会产生火花效应,使得土壤的电阻率会发生变化,进而对冲击电流的散流过程造成影响.因此本文采用有限元分析方法,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件,构建了考虑火花效应的接地装置冲击散流模型,主要研究了垂直、水平接地体的冲击散流过程,通过模型的计算发现,接地装置在冲击散流的过程中电流主要从接地装置的末端散流到土壤中,这一情况也与实际情况相符合.     

软弱地层锚索预应力蠕变损失研究

多个工程实例表明:岩土体蠕变易引起锚固工程支护结构加固频繁、锚索重新张拉等工程病害,严重者导致锚固力失效,锚固工程失稳,如若处理不当,将直接危及施工人员的生命财产安全;本文以济南市某深基坑工程案例为依托,将岩土体由经典的广义Kelvin体代替,推导了其本构方程、蠕变方程、松弛方程,从理论上分析了锚索蠕变变形对预应力损失的贡献大小;并结合现场测试数据对比可知:该模型能够较好的反映蠕变变形引起的损失趋势,由数据软件拟合公式可知,理论计算结果与测试数据偏差不大,论证了上述分析的可靠性,为今后锚固工程的设计、施工提供了理论依据和技术支持。     

井下智能炸药装药车的运动特性分析

通过对井下炸药装药车底盘的运动模型的分析,建立了车辆不存在滑动和存在滑动两种情况的运动方程,对铰接车辆的运动控制的影响因素进行了分析,建立了运动误差方程,为研究井下炸药装药车的自主行驶控制技术提供了基础。     

一种双线性抗差状态估计方法

传统状态估计方法一般需要求解某个非线性非凸优化问题,并用基于梯度的方法予以求解,因而存在难以保证获得全局最优解、可能收敛困难等问题。文中基于国外学者提出的精确线性化量测方程构建了一种双线性抗差状态估计方法。该方法仅需求解一个线性加权最小绝对值估计问题(等价为线性规划问题)、一个非线性变换以及一个线性加权最小二乘估计问题(二次规划问题),从数学上可保证获得全局最优解,并不存在收敛性问题。最后,通过仿真算例验证了所提方法的有效性。     

基于振动筛落料点的电动滚筒位置选择

从实际改造工作出发,研究分析传动滚筒上物料运动轨迹的三种形式,进而根据实际情况确定滚筒的位置。这样,不仅提高了生产率,还有效地解决了实际工作过程中的各种附属问题,对皮带输送设备的安装和改进具有一定的指导作用。     

Multicomponent gas diffusion in nonuniform tubes

In many technical processes gas, multicomponent diffusion takes place in confinements that are rarely uniform in direction of their long axis (e.g., catalysts pores). Here, we show that in conical tubes multicomponent diffusion is hindered. This effect increases with ratio of inlet to outlet cone radius Λ, indifferent of the orientation of the tube. Based on the Maxwell–Stefan equations, predictive analytical solution for ideal multicomponent diffusion in slightly tapered ducts is developed. In two‐bulb diffusion experiments on a uniform tube, the results of Duncan and Toor (1962) were reproduced. Comparison of model and experiment shows that the solution presented here provides a reliable quantitative prediction of the temporal change of H₂, N₂, and CO₂‐concentration for both tube geometries, uniform and slightly conical. In the demonstrated case (Λ = 3.16), mass diffusion is 68% delayed. Thus, for gaseous diffusion in “real,” typically tapered pores the transport limitation is more serious than considered so far. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1404–1412, 2015     

Moving ion fronts in mixed ionic‐electronic conducting polymer films

The aim of this paper is to analyze moving front dynamics of ions and holes in a planar, mixed ionic‐electronic conducting polymer film. As cations invade the film, holes evacuate; thus, an ionic current is converted to an electronic signal. Recent experiments show that the location of the advancing ion front increases as the square‐root of time, a scaling typically associated with diffusive transport, which is surprising given the large driving voltages utilized. Ionic and electronic transport is modeled via the drift‐diffusion equations. A similarity transformation reduces the governing partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically. The similarity transformation elucidates the origin of the square‐root‐of‐time front scaling. The similarity solution is then compared to the numerical solution of the full drift‐diffusion equations, finding excellent agreement. When compared with experimental data, our model captures the front location; however, qualitative differences between the ion profiles are observed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1447–1454, 2015